Maawa World

Cement Cement is a commonly used binding material in the construction. The cement is obtained by burning amixture of calcarious (calcium) and argillaceous (clay) material at a very high temperature and then grinding the clinker so produced to a fine powder. It was first produced by a mason Joseph Aspdin in England in 1924. He patented it as portland cement. Types of Cement In addition to ordinary portland cement there are many varieties of cement. Important varieties are briefly explained below: (i) White Cement: The cement when made free from colouring oxides of iron, maganese and chlorium results into white cement. In the manufacture of this cement, the oil fuel is used instead of coal for burning. White cement is used for the floor finishes, plastering, ornamental works etc. In swimming pools white cement is used to replace glazed tiles. It is used for fixing marbles and glazed tiles. (ii) Coloured Cement: The cements of desired colours are produced by intimately mixi

LIME It is an important binding material used in building construction. Lime has been used as the material of construction from ancient time. When it is mixed with sand it provides lime mortar and when mixed with sand and coarse aggregate, it forms lime concrete. Types of Limes and their Properties The limes are classified as fat lime, hydraulic lime and poor lime: (i) Fat lime: It is composed of 95 percentage of calcium oxide. When water is added, it slakes vigorously and its volume increases to 2 to 2 1/2 times. It is white in colour. Its properties are: (a) hardens slowly (b) has high degree of plasticity (c) sets slowly in the presence of air (d) white in colour (e) slakes vigorously. (ii) Hydraulic lime: It contains clay and ferrous oxide. Depending upon the percentage of clay present, the hydraulic lime is divided into the following three types: (a) Feebly hydraulic lime (5 to 10% clay content) (b) Moderately hydraulic lime (11 to 20% clay content) (c) Eminentl

ATTERBERG LIMITS The Atterberg limits are water contents which define the limits of various stages of consistency for fine-grained soils. The liquid limit (LL) and the plastic limit (PL) define the upper and lower limits, respectively, of the plastic range of a soil; the numerical difference between these two limits expresses the plasticity of a soil and is termed the plasticity index (PI). Liquid Limit The liquid limit of a soil is the water content, expressed as a percentage of the weight of oven-dried soil at which two halves of a soil pat separated by a groove of standard dimensions will close at the bottom of the groove along a distance of 1/2 in. under the impact of 25 blows in a standard liquid limit device. Plastic Limit The plastic limit of a soil is the water content, expressed as a percentage of the weight of oven dried soil at which the soil just begins to crumble into short pieces when rolled into a thread 1/8 in.  in diameter. PI= L

Properties of Bricks The following are the required properties of good bricks: (i) Colour: Colour should be uniform and bright. (ii) Shape: Bricks should have plane faces. They should have sharp and true right angled corners. (iii) Size: Bricks should be of standard sizes as prescribed by codes. (iv) Texture: They should possess fine, dense and uniform texture. They should not possess fissures, cavities, loose grit and unburnt lime. (v) Soundness: When struck with hammer or with another brick, it should produce metallic sound. (vi) Hardness: Finger scratching should not produce any impression on the brick. (vii) Strength: Crushing strength of brick should not be less than 3.5 N/mm2. A field test for strength is that when dropped from a height of 0.9 m to 1.0 mm on a hard ground, the brick should not break into pieces. (viii) Water Absorption: After immercing the brick in water for 24 hours, water absorption should not be more than 20 per cent by weight. For class-I work

BRICKS Brick is obtained by moulding good clay into a block, which is dried and then burnt. This is the oldest building block to replace stone. Manufacture of brick started with hand moulding, sun drying and burning in clamps. A considerable amount of technological development has taken place with better knowledge about to properties of raw materials, better machinaries and improved techniques of moulding drying and burning. The size of the bricks are of 90 mm × 90 mm × 90 mm and 190 mm × 90 mm × 40 mm. With mortar joints, the size of these bricks are taken as 200 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm and 200 mm × 100 mm × 50 mm. Types of Bricks Bricks may be broadly classified as: ( i ) Building bricks ( ii ) Paving bricks ( iii ) Fire bricks ( iv ) Special bricks. ( i ) Building Bricks: These bricks are used for the construction of walls. ( ii ) Paving Bricks: These are vitrified bricks and are used as pavers. ( iii ) Fire Bricks: These bricks are specially made

How to Build a Road [Urdu & Hindi]

Slump Test of Concrete ASTM C143 [Urdu & Hindi] *Scope* The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets. It is performed to check the workability of freshly made concrete, and therefore the ease with which concrete flows. It can also be used as an indicator of an improperly mixed batch. The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure. The slump test is used to ensure uniformity for different loads of concrete under field conditions. The program requires a working knowledge of the following ASTM test methods and practices. Referenced Documents ASTM Standards: • C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field. • C138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete. • C172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete. • C173/C173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method. • C231 Test Method for Air Con

Compressive Strength of Concrete Cylinder with Sulfur. ASTM C39/AASHTO T22

Compressive Strength of Concrete Cylinder with Retainer [Urdu/Hindi] ASTM C39/AASHTO T22

Compressive Strength of Concrete Cylinder [Urdu/Hindi] Part-3 ASTM C39/AASHTO T22 *Scope* This test method covers determination of compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens such as molded cylinders and drilled cores. It is limited to concrete having a density in excess of 800 kg/m3 [50 lb/ft3]. The program requires a working knowledge of the following ASTM test methods and practices. Referenced Documents. • C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field • C42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete • C192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory • C617 Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens • C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials • C873 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Concrete Cylinders Cast in Place in Cylindrical Molds • C1077 Prac

Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field ASTM C31/AASHTO T23 [Urdu/Hindi] *Scope* 1- This practice covers procedures for making and curing cylinder specimens from representative samples of 2- The concrete used to make the molded specimens shall fresh concrete for a construction project. be sampled after all on-site adjustments have been made to the admixtures. This practice is not satisfactory for making specimens mixture proportions, including the addition of mix water and from concrete not having measurable slump or requiring • C172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete. other sizes or shapes of specimens. The program requires a working knowledge of the following ASTM test methods and practices. Referenced Documents. • C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete. • C173/C173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method. • C231 Test Method for Air Content of Fre

How to Calculate the Area & Volume of Concrete Cylinder Part-1 (Urdu & Hindi]

Particle-Size Analysis of Soils  ASTM D422 GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS SIEVE & HYDROMETER ANALYSIS Purpose : This test is performed to determine the percentage of different grain sizes contained within a soil. The mechanical or sieve analysis is performed to determine the distribution of the coarser, larger-sized particles, and the hydrometer method is used to determine the distribution of the finer particles. Standard Reference : ASTM D 422 - Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils Significance : The distribution of different grain sizes affects the engineering properties of soil. Grain size analysis provides the grain size distribution, and it is required in classifying the soil. Equipment : Balance, Set of sieves, Cleaning brush, Sieve shaker, Mixer (blender), 152H Hydrometer, Sedimentation cylinder, Control cylinder, Thermometer, Beaker, Timing device. Test Procedure: Sieve Analysis: (1) Write down the weight of each sieve as